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I-V Characteristic Curves
I-V Characteristic Curves The I-V Characteristic Curves, which is short for Current-Voltage Characteristic Curves or simply I-V curves of an electrical device or component, are a set of graphical...
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Christmas Lights Sequencer
Christmas Lights Sequencer Christmas is coming and its that time of the year again when the electronics student or hobbyists thoughts turn to making a Christmas circuit for their home and especially...
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7-segment Display
The 7-segment Display An LED or Light Emitting Diode, is a solid state optical PN-junction diode which emits light energy in the form of “photons” when it is forward biased by a voltage allowing...
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Unregulated Power Supply
Unregulated Power Supply Design An Unregulated Power Supply is the simplest of power supplies to construct. Nearly all electronic devices and circuits require some form of a DC power source for their...
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Unijunction Transistor
The PN Unijunction Transistor The Unijunction Transistor or UJT for short, is another solid state three terminal device that can be used in gate pulse, timing circuits and trigger generator...
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Relay Switch Circuit
The Relay Switch Circuit Relays are electromechanical devices that use an electromagnet to operate a pair of movable contacts from an open position to a closed position. The advantage of relays is that...
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BCD Counter Circuit
BCD Counter A BCD counter is a special type of a digital counter which can count to ten on the application of a clock signal. We saw previously that toggle T-type flip flops can be used as individual...
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Input Impedance of an Amplifier
Input Impedance of an Amplifier Input Impedance, Zin or Input Resistance as it is also called, is an important parameter in the design of a transistor amplifier and as such allows amplifiers to be...
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Signed Binary Numbers
Signed Binary Numbers In mathematics, positive numbers (including zero) are represented as unsigned numbers. That is we do not put the +ve sign in front of them to show that they are positive numbers....
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Varistor Tutorial
Varistor Introduction The varistor is a passive two-terminal solid state semiconductor device that is used to provide protection to electrical and electronic circuits. Unlike the fuse or circuit...
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Frequency Response
Frequency Response Amplifiers and filters are widely used electronic circuits that have the properties of amplification and filtration, hence their names. Amplifiers produce gain while filters alter...
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Input Interfacing Circuits
Interfacing to the Real World Interfacing is the method of connecting or linking together one device, especially a computer or micro-controller with another allowing us to design or adapt the output...
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Resistor Colour Code Wheel
Resistor Colour Code Wheel Resistor colour codes can sometimes be a little confusing until you understand how they work. But once you get the hang of them it becomes easier to read the values of those...
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Output Interfacing Circuits
Output Interfacing to the Real World As we saw in the previous input interfacing tutorial, an interface circuit allows one type of circuit to be connected to another type of circuit that may be of a...
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Ultracapacitors
The Ultracapacitor We have seen previously that capacitors are electrical energy storage devices that have the ability to store an electrical charge, Q. Unlike the resistor, which dissipates energy in...
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State Variable Filter
The State Variable Filter The state variable filter or SVF, is a type of multiple-feedback filter circuit that can produce all three filter responses, Low Pass, High Pass and Band Pass simultaneously...
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Binary Subtractor
The Binary Subtractor Binary Subtractors is another type of combinational arithmetic circuit that is the opposite of the Binary Adder we looked at in a previous tutorial. As their name implies, a...
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Op-amp Comparator
The Op-amp Comparator The comparator is an electronic decision making circuit that makes use of an operational amplifiers very high gain in its open-loop state, that is, there is no feedback resistor....
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Conversion of Flip-flops
Conversion of Flip-flops We have seen throughout this Electronics Tutorial section on Sequential Logic that a flip-flop will remain in one of its two stable states indefinitely until some form of...
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MOSFET Amplifier
The MOSFET Amplifier In our previous tutorial about FET amplifiers, we saw that simple single stage amplifiers can be made using junction field effect transistors, or JFET’s. But there are other types...
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